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IMMUNITY DENIED FOR ROGUE PROSECUTOR

Aug 23 2011
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Reasonable Prosecutors Should Know Constitution is Implicated When Person is Deprived of Liberty by State Sponsored Seizure and Detention
By: Houston Criminal Lawyer John Floyd and Paralegal Billy Sinclair

We have posted up several posts this year about prosecutorial misconduct and the tendency by the courts to tolerate, if not bless, this increasing phenomenon which is a disgrace to our criminal justice system. Well, we’re pleased to report that last month the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, inSchneyder v. Smith, held a rogue prosecutor accountable for her misconduct.

The facts of theSchneydercase, which originated in Pennsylvania, are succinct, as outlined by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court inCommonwealth v. Overby. Michael Overby was indicted for rape, robbery, and murder of Lillian Gaines in September 1990. In January 1992 Nicole Schneyder was brought to a Philadelphia police station where she was subsequently questioned by, and gave a statement to, homicide division detectives. She informed the detectives that the day before the Gaines’ murder Overby told her he was going to rob someone. She also told the detectives that about one week after the murder Dwayne Elliott, a co-defendant of Overby, told her that he, and Issac Young, accompanied Overby to do the robbery and that Overby got upset because Gaines she gave him “a hard way to go,” so he killed her.

Based on this information, Overby was charged with first degree murder. At a preliminary, which was attended by Overby and his two co-defendants, Schneyder recanted the statement she had given to homicide detectives, saying she had told them what they wanted to hear so she could get out of the police station. Despite this recantation, prosecutors went forward with the case against all three defendants who were tried together. Schneyder was declared unavailable as a witness when she did not appear at the start of trial. Her testimony from the preliminary hearing was read to the jury.

The jury found Overby guilty of robbery and conspiracy but could not reach a verdict on the murder charge. The jury could not reach a verdict on any of the charges against Elliott. At a second trial a similar procedure was used to get Schneyder’s testimony before the jury. Overby was found guilty of first degree murder while Elliott was acquitted on the murder charge but found guilty on the robbery charge. At Overby’s punishment phase of the trial, the prosecution incorporated the statements reportedly made to Schneyder by Overby and Elliott to show the murder occurred during a robbery. The jury found no mitigating evidence and sentenced Overby to death.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court reversed Overby’s conviction and death sentence in October 2002, saying his “confrontation rights” under the Sixth Amendment had been violated by the prosecution’s use of Schneyder’s hearsay evidence.

The Third Circuit brought out the additional facts that prior to Overby’s preliminary hearing before his first trial, the murder suspect’s family contacted and threatened Schneyder not to testify against Overby. The witness became so frightened she pulled a knife on a homicide detective when he attempted to arrest her and compel her appearance in court. She managed to avoid capture during Overby’s first two trials.

Following the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s reversal of Overby’s convictions, prosecutors pressed for a third trial, which was scheduled for February 2, 2005, and they knew Schneyder’s “live testimony” was “absolutely necessary.” Schneyder also knew her testimony was essential against Overby so she disappeared as the trial date approached. On January 26, 2005 Assistant District Attorney Gina Smith applied to trial judge Rayford Means for a “material witness” arrest warrant permissible under Pennsylvania’ code of criminal procedure. This procedure allows for the judge to “issue process” and “set bail for any material witness” for whom there is “adequate cause for the court to conclude that the witness will fail to appear when required if not held in custody or released on bail.” And once the material witness is brought into court, the judge must commit the witness to jail “if she is unable to fulfill bail conditions—provided the court must release the witness if at any time thereafter she satisfies the court’s demands.”

In her application for the material witness arrest warrant, ADA Smith described Schneyder as a “critical” witness who “ha[d] been threatened by some in the defendant’s family,” and that “[g]iven her previous several failure[s] to appear, it is highly unlikely that she will appear for trial.” Judge Means issued the warrant and the police quickly apprehended Schneyder.

The judge set a bail hearing the day after Schneyder was apprehended and appointed a public defender named Laura Davis to represent the witness. Prior to the hearing, Judge Means informed Smith that while he intended to keep Schneyder in jail until trial, he instructed Smith the inform him if the trial date was “pushed back.” Judge Means on the record at the bail hearing made his distaste known for “setting bail on people who are not accused of crime,” although he ordered Schneyder held in jail when she could not post a $300,000 bail. The judge then informed the parties that “if the case breaks down, let me know early and I’ll let [her] out.” Judge Means added:

“I only intend to keep you (Schneyder) on this bail until you testify or the trial is concluded if you did have it on February 2nd and the Commonwealth says, we don’t need you anymore, we’ve done with you, okay, then I will want them to come back to me and say, look, we don’t have any need for her. If they make a decision at some point on January 31st, we change out mind, we don’t even need the lady, come back to me so I can bring her down and remove this.”

Judge Means then set an “informal status conference” for February 14, 2005 so he could reassess the matter in the event the trial was still going on. The judge would later sign an affidavit in which he stated he had clearly placed a burden on ADA Smith to inform him “if for any reason the case was continued or broke down, as it was my clear intention that, in that event, I would immediately release Mr. Schneyder from custody,” and that if had “been notified the Overby case had been continued, I would have immediately ordered Ms. Schneyder’s release.”

Judge Means was not presiding over Overby’s scheduled February 2nd trial, so he had no independent way of knowing the trial date had been rescheduled for May 5, 2005—a change ADA Smith did not inform the judge about as she had been explicitly instructed to do. And when Smith did not appear at the February 14th statute conference, Judge Means assumed Schneyder had been released from jail. Meanwhile, Schneyder’s family contacted ADA Smith “approximately 25 times” inquiring about why the witness was still in jail and when she would be released. On February 28 Schneyder’s father died, prompting her family, through a sister, to contact Paul Conway, chief of the Philadelphia Defender Association’s Homicide Unit, on March 1st, hoping to secure Schneyder’s release so she could attend her father’s funeral. Conway managed to get an approved visit for Schneyder at the funeral home, but the request for her to attend the funeral itself was denied.

While working on the funeral issue Conway learned that Overby’s trial had been reset for late May. He knew it wasn’t right she had been held in jail that length of time, so he launched an effort to secure her release. ADA Smith rebuffed his initial request to have Schneyder released from jail, so he began preparing a request to have the witness released under “house arrest.” While working on this latter request, Conway contacted Schneyder’s public defender, Laura Davis, who provided him with her “notes” which clearly indicated Judge Means’ intent to release Schneyder in the event Overby’s trial was rescheduled. This revelation made Conway “really angry” and he went straight to Judge Means who was “astonished” to learn that Schneyder was still in jail and immediately ordered her released.

Schneyder filed a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 lawsuit against the Philadelphia District Attorney’s Office and against ADA Smith for the 54 days she had been held in jail, 48 of which was after Overby’s February 2nd trial date had been continued. All of Schneyder’s claims were initially dismissed by the federal district court, but a panel of the Third Circuit reversed the district court’s order that ADA Smith was entitled to “absolute immunity” on Schneyder’s claim that the ADA had violated her Fourth Amendment rights “by failing to notify Judge Means or take any steps to have [Schneyder] released from custody knowing that she would not be needed as a witness in the underlying criminal case for several more months.” On remand, ADA Smith defended against the lawsuit requesting summary judgment, saying the suit should be dismissed because she enjoyed both absolute and qualified immunity. The district courtdeniedSmith’s summary judgment request. The ADA appealed this ruling to the Third Circuit.

The very first issue the appeals court had to determine was whether Schneyder’s detention as a material witness constituted a “seizure” within the parameters of the Fourth Amendment. Following the guidance offered by one of the court’s previous decisions,Gallo v. City of Philadelphia, the Third Circuit concluded: “When the state places constitutionally significant restrictions on a person’s freedom of movement for the purpose of obtaining his presence at a judicial proceeding, that person has been seized within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.”

Having established that Schneyder had stated a valid Fourth Amendment claim against ADA Smith, the appeals court turned its attention to whether Smith enjoyed either absolute or qualified immunity against the claim. Citing its precedent ruling inOdd v. Malone, the Third Circuit forcefully ruled that ADA Smith did not enjoy absolute immunity against her conduct. The qualified immunity issue was a little thornier. Under the U.S. Supreme Court rule pronounced inHarlow v. Fitzgerald, Schneyder had to establish 1) that the Smith violated her rights, and 2) that the rights were “clearly established” at the time of the alleged violation.

Prior to theHarlowinquiry, the appeals court had made it clear that Schneyder’s Fourth Amendment protection against illegal seizure had been violated. The critical question was whether that right had been “clearly established” in February 2005 when Schneyder was jailed as a material witness. The U.S. Supreme Court, inAnderson v. Creighton, narrowed the focus of the “clearly established” inquiry by saying “ … the right the official is alleged to have violated must have been ‘clearly established’ in a more particularized, and hence more relevant, sense: The contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.”

More recently, however, the Supreme Court eased back on the “clearly established” inquiry, inSafford Unified Sch. Dist. #1 v. Redding, by holding “to be established clearly, there is no need that ‘the very action in question [have] previously been held unlawful.’ [O]outrageous conduct will be unconstitutional, this being the reason, as Judge Posner has said, that ‘[t]he easiest cases don’t even arise.’ But even as to action less than an outrage, ‘officials can still be on notice that their conduct violates established law in novel factual circumstance.’”

Against this Supreme Court legal backdrop, the Third Circuit concluded with respect to ADA Smith’s conduct:

“Although we are aware of no decision predating Smith’s action that involved the sort of claim that Schneyder has raised here, we are nevertheless convinced that this is one of those exceedingly rare cases in which the existence of the plaintiff’s constitutional right is so manifest that it is clearly established by broad rules and general principles. That is, this ought to have been a member of that class of ‘easiest cases’ that, according to Judge Posner, ‘don’t even arise …’ One of the ‘point[s] of the Fourth Amendment’ is to require that decisions involving citizens’ security from searches and seizures be able wherever practicable by a ‘neutral and detached magistrate’ rather than by a police officer or prosecutor possessed of a natural bias towards uncovering crime and obtaining convictions …’ Thus the [U.S. Supreme] Court has established that a criminal suspect is entitled to a prompt judicial determination that his arrest and detention is justified by probable cause … And numerous courts have reached the almost tautological conclusion that an individual in custody has a constitutional right to be released from confinement ‘after it was or should have been know that the detainee was entitled to release …”

It should have required little thought about these cases, in light of background knowledge of the operation of the Bill of Rights within the justice system, to have given a reasonable prosecutor ‘fair warning’ that she had a duty to ensure that the incarceration of an innocent person was all times approved by a judicial officer.

“Smith took it upon herself to decide that Schneyder ought to be incarcerated well past the point at which explicit judicial authorization had expired. Whether to keep Schneyder in jail should have been the court’s decision, and Smith knew it. Judge Means had announced his intention to let Schneyder go if the trial were moved, but Smith took the position that ‘she should be held until she testified.’ Actually, to say that she ‘took the position’ is too generous, because Smith never presented the court with any such argument. She ‘advocated’ her position by failing to reveal an obviously pertinent fact, thereby preventing the judge from doing his job. Moreover, the stance Smith purports to have taken is so patently erroneous as a matter of constitutional law as to be frivolous.

No reasonable prosecutor would think that she could indefinitely detain an innocent witness pending trial without obtaining authorization. And there can be no doubt that is what Smith intended. The trial at which Schneyder was to testify did not take place until more than a year and a half after her arrest, and there is no indication that Smith would ever have taken steps of her own volition to free her key witness or even have her status reviewed. If the initial continuance was not something Smith felt a need to report, there is no reason to think she would have advised Judge Means of any of the subsequent developments. Were it not for the persistence of Schneyder’s family and the generous efforts of a public defender with cases of his own and no prior connection to the plaintiff, there can be no telling how long she would remained locked up.

“’When properly applied, [qualified immunity] protects all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law …’ The self-evident wrongfulness of Smith’s conduct is sufficient to place her in either category. She is not entitled to qualified immunity.”

That is as blistering of an indictment of prosecutorial misconduct as you will ever read in a court opinion. The arrogance underlying ADA Smith’s misconduct boggles the mind of any ordinary, rational person. So why would she do it? Why would she deliberately choose to engage in behavior she knew was illegal? We offer three possible answers: First, she mistakenly believed that “qualified immunity” would save her from any liability her misconduct may have presented. Second, she knew Pennsylvania taxpayers, particularly those in Philadelphia, would incur the costs of her having to defend against any lawsuit brought by Schneyder as well as pick up the tab for any monetary damages a jury might award to Schneyder. Third, ADA Smith was blinded by the power and self-righteousness.

In effect, ADA Smith knew she had a license to engage in misconduct because there was no way she would be held individually liable. Not only does prosecutorial misconduct undermine our criminal justice system, it cost taxpayers hundreds of millions to pay the damages juries nationwide award to wronged criminal defendants. And, at the end of the day, it is taxpayers who must demand individual accountability for rogue prosecutors, otherwise they will continue to operate with a sense impunity.

By: Houston Criminal Attorney John Floyd and Paralegal Billy Sinclair
John Floyd is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization

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  • Avatar Jackie Cohen ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    If you are in trouble and need a lawyer, contact the John T. Floyd law firm. Some of the best lawyers in Texas work there! Understanding and helpful lawyers and staff that will do all … More they can to help you 😊
  • Avatar It’s Me ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    He gave me one of the most honest answers I have received in a very long time about any issue I was having with anything. Legal or not legal. I highly recommend giving him a call and … More will be referring him to friends and family if they have any issues in the future.Positive
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  • Avatar I’m Home ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    He took time out of his day to answer my legal questions and didn’t even charge me. I would definitely recommend him to you.
  • Avatar Tad Nieschwietz ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    Gave free consultation on getting gun rights back. He truly cares about gun rights and getting you the help you deserve. 100% worth a callPositive
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  • Avatar Maher Abbara ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    Very professional, great quality work, and very friendly and helpful. Overall, their service is phenomenal. I recommend Mr. Floyd to anyone.
  • Avatar Thomas McLaughlin ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    Mr. Floyd took the time to explain his experience with the law to me in layman's terms. Definitely give him a call.Positive
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  • Avatar Zarrie Adkins ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    He was honest , knowledgeable , and professional about what we talked about. Most lawyers are just about the money , but not john.Positive
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  • Avatar Keisha Gaches ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    He was very truthful and honest with us very great man I would recommend him and we would use him again
  • Avatar Samyra Carrasquillo ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    Very professional honest and works hard currently working my husband’s appeal I pray he does his best workPositive
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  • Avatar Raul Perez ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    I contacted John T. Floyd Law firm and I was very satisfied with service extremely helpful and friendly thank you Mr. FloydPositive
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  • Avatar Johnny Johnson Jr ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    This law frim was informative,great response time ,and the attorney called back not some secretary or legal assistant thank u guys for all your help wish it was more like youPositive … More
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  • Avatar Dana Adkison ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    I would highly recommend Mr Floyd. He was very helpful and knowledge with a legal question I had.Positive
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  • Avatar Crecencio Fabian ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    He explained my case better then any other lawyerPositive
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  • Avatar Barry Lewis ★★★★ 3 years ago
    Very informative
  • Avatar Ismael Flores ★★★★★ 3 years ago
  • Avatar Haley Danielle Lummus ★★★★★ 3 years ago
  • Avatar Eddie Villarreal ★★★★★ 3 years ago
  • Avatar Neil Productions ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Had the pleasure speaking with John Floyd on a personal matter, he was very responsive, nothing but exceptional, and he really cares about you with sincerity and most importantly knows … More what is he talking about! No games or bs, his approach to my situation even though I knew it was probably way smaller then what he normally takes on, he was extremely helpful and didn't care about the size of the matter like other attorneys do. He really looked out for my best interests. You can tell he has decades of experience doing what he does just by chatting with him. I would highly recommend him.
  • Avatar S A ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Words can’t describe how grateful I am for working with John, he went above and beyond my expectation. I was wrongly accused and hired many lawyers before hiring John Floyd but they … More all disappointed me, I had lost hope until a friend of mine referred me to John. From the start he had my best interest in mind and gave helpful advice, he explained the process and guided me. He put more work and time than all my previous lawyers that cost me thousands of dollars. He was constantly communicating with court and defended me more than all lawyer i had hired before him. Don’t waste your time and money like I did, believe me when I say I hired countless lawyers before him and no one came close to John. I’m forever thankful for him for fighting for my innocence and getting my case dismissed. Thank you so much🙏🏼🙏🏼
  • Avatar Gary Watch ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    I called Mr Floyd and left a message, with in the hour I received a call back with much more information then I could have ever expected. Mr Floyd was very informative on every question … More I had for him. He seemed like he cared, instead of like most attorneys that you talk to that are just out for a quick buck. If you want someone that is going to shoot strait with you, and has your best interest in hand, this is you guy. This was the best experience that I have ever had with an lawyer.
  • Avatar Saman Daftarian ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    I can state with confidence that Mr. Floyd and his team are the most competent and professional lawyers one can hope for. My case was quite complex and I admit that as a law student … More I was not the most patient client. Mr. Floyd did a phenomenal job of managing the bench, prosecution and myself! The result was above expectation, and I will never hesitate to recommend this firm regardless of the caliber of the case at issue.
  • Avatar calvin robinson ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    It was a pleasure working with Mr. Floyd. I contacted him regarding a legal matter and he was extremely knowledgeable about the law, and responded in a timely manner. I appreciated … More the fact I did not feel rushed, and he made sure he thoroughly answered all questions I had. I would highly recommend him!Positive
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  • Avatar Alan Howk ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Spoke with John Floyd about a 45 year old criminal case I was involved in. I had very little information about the case and John helped me search what records were available and gave … More me guidance to find more information. He was very professional and took his time helping me. I may need to hire a lawyer on this case and Mr. Floyd will be the man.Thanks John.
  • Avatar CMCustom Cycles ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Very professional and straight forward. He's not going to waste your time or money. Very knowledgeable in a large range of possible matters one could face living in these days … More and times. If ever you need legal assistance, this is who I would suggest. Awesome!Positive
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  • Avatar Greg Page ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    I called about some legal questions I needed to get clarified and John was able to give me clarification and sound advice. I will definitely contact John for all future legal questions … More and issues.Thank you John!Positive
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  • Avatar Kristen Rankin ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Knows his stuff and well respected with DA and judges. I have referred him a couple times and every client has been satisfied
  • Avatar Kedar Puranik ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    John is beyond knowledgeable! If I decide to pursue my case any further I would only have him represent me.
  • Avatar Joseph Sivadon ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    What a great attorney, this guy really took time out of his day to answer my questions and explain my case to me. Very grateful, thank you so muchPositive
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  • Avatar Lex Strider ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Absolutely a very professional lawyer. Very well read in the current law and more than willing to help if needed.
  • Avatar karim khalifa ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Mr. John he’s a professional he knows what he’s doing and he’s patient they recommend Him stronglyPositive
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  • Avatar James Haggard ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Great service, very knowledgable and happy to help with any questions I had
  • Avatar David Sustaita ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Quick to action and helpful and knowledgeable with entertainment industry based issues!
  • Avatar Chad Groves ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Responded on a holiday week. Very knowledgeable and reassuring.
  • Avatar Mark Fein ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Very professional
  • Avatar Bthomason903 Bthomason903 ★★★★★ 4 years ago
  • Avatar Anton Jasser ★★★★★ 4 years ago
  • Avatar Alma Garza ★★★★★ 4 years ago
  • Avatar Victory 2020 ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    I want to thank John T. Floyd and all of his team. He is the best lawyer who cares aboutHis clients and fights really hard to get the best outcome. He is a fighter and he is awesome!!!I … More recommend if any one needs criminal defense , he is the BEST. We had a really serious caseAnd we are very thankful for the outcome. Thank you John!!!!! God bless you!!!!!!
  • Avatar Alma Garcia Cunningham ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    The attorneys at John T. Floyd Law Firm work diligently to achieve the best possible results for their clients. They are caring and knowledgeable professionals. Their expertise in the … More law and their experience as trial attorneys makes them the right choice as a defense attorney. I recommend this law firm highly.
  • Avatar Rajiv Patel ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    From beginning to end this firm handled my case like the top tier professionals they are. I would not trust ANYONE else with my legal needs after having less than stellar experiences … More with other teams. Thank you Floyd!!!
  • Avatar Jose Tapia ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    I really felt like the team cared about my case and am super satisfied with the outcome. Would not recommend anyone else!
  • Avatar Sagar Patel ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    These guys do amazing work and have phenomenal service! Hands down best in the Houston area!!
  • Avatar RAYNINN ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    John and Chris are true professionals! Love those guys like family!
  • Avatar Virginia Martin ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    Mr. Floyd and his team are very knowledgeable, informative, and helpful.
  • Avatar Darla Latham ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    A team you can depend on to stand up and fight for you to prove the truth the whole truth!
  • Avatar Veronica Elorza ★★★★★ 6 years ago
  • Avatar Karetta Lux ★★★★★ 7 years ago
    Mr. John T. Floyd represented me.I couldn't be happier with the outcome he managed to achieve on an VERY Important case that was dismissed the day of Trial. He is patient & … More very knowledgeable of the legal system. I HIGHLY recommend him to anyone in need of a lawyer!John, I am forever grateful & satisfied with the effort you put forth & all you did for me. Thank you isn't enough!God bless you & your family!
  • Avatar GM ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    The John T. Floyd Law Firm assisted me, and I can tell you that the attorney took the time to answer my questions, and I didn't feel rushed or dismissed as I have experienced in … More the past with attorneys. The attorney was very nice and extremely knowledgeable. Initial impressions and continued excellent customer service are big factors for me and as such I would highly recommend this firm.
  • Avatar Sandra Bivens ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    I thank you for your efforts to help Felons regain their Civil rights, and for the information on possession , I am A convicted Felon, no violent history. I am an expert shot, I am … More 76 yoa, and very concerned about the present lake of Security in our State and Country. God Bless and Prosper you in your efforts, Your friend, Sonny Bivens
  • Avatar Mike Kittelson ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    I really appreciated both Chris and John helping with my legal questions and concerns. Both are good guys and I would not hesitate to recommend them.
  • Avatar Robert Hair ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    Extremely helpful!!! Helping me understand the law.

John T. Floyd is Board Certified in Criminal Law By the Texas Board of Legal Specialization

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