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Interrogation of Sleeping Suspect Causes Reversal of Conviction

Mar 12 2014
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No one would ever accuse Curtis Taylor, Antonio Rosario and Sam Vasquez of being rocket scientists. The trio was convicted in Federal court for conspiring to commit Hobbs Act robbery, brandishing a firearm during a crime of violence, and a host of other offenses related to the robbery of a pharmacy in midtown Manhattan, New York.

On March 4, 2014, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals was forced to reverse Taylor’s conviction because of an unlawful Miranda interrogation, and because the trial court had refused to sever Rosario’s and Vasquez’s cases from Taylor, the prejudicial spillover of Taylor’s involuntary confession forced the appeals court to also toss their convictions.

This constitutional mess should be a lesson to all: law enforcement should not interrogate a suspect who cannot keep his eyes open following a suicide attempt on sleeping pills, and a trial court should sever a case when there is even the remotest possibility that an involuntary confession will have a prejudicial spillover to other defendant(s).

It was Christmas Eve 2008. Figuring the world was preoccupied with Santa’s trek across the globe, Taylor and Rosario convinced Vasquez to drive them from the Bronx to midtown Manhattan so they could rob a pharmacy. Luana Miller, a drug addict from Mississippi with an extensive criminal history, joined the robbery crew. She called the pharmacy asking its personnel to stay open a few minutes past its normal 5 p.m. closing time so she could pick up a prescription. Once at the pharmacy, the Second Circuit said Miller entered first, posing as a customer talking with the pharmacist. With Taylor at the door as a lookout, Rosario then suddenly burst into the pharmacy, screaming that it was a robbery, and while brandishing a gun, demanded OxyContin. Altogether, the robbery crew made off with $12,000 in controlled substances, some cash, and subway cards.

The ensuing police investigation tracked the cell phones of the robbery crew which showed “they were in the Bronx that afternoon, traveled to midtown Manhattan just before 5:00 PM, stayed near the pharmacy until just after the robbery, and then returned to the Bronx.” The case against the crew received a real boost when, as is often the case, one of the co-conspirators decided to cooperate with the police. This happened when the police executed a search warrant in January 2009 at the residence of Miller’s boyfriend. She was there and was arrested on outstanding warrants. Fearing extradition to Mississippi, Miller immediately offered to cooperate with the pharmacy robbery investigation, and did so by leading the police to Taylor, Rosario and Vasquez.

The police were determined to get their man when they went after Taylor. On April 9, 2009, at around 6:00 a.m., more than 25 NYPD and FBI agents stormed the suspect’s apartment to make the arrest. With that many cops trying to take down one suspect, chaos was inevitable—and amid all that confusion, Taylor claims he attempted suicide by taking a bottle-full of Xanax pills. Taylor’s mother tried to tell the officers that her son had just tried to overdose, but the police told her to “shut up.”

Approximately three hours after the arrest, NYPD Detective Ralph Burch, a member of a joint FBI/New York health care fraud task force, interrogated Taylor at FBI headquarters in downtown Manhattan. Taylor signed a Miranda rights waiver and confessed about his role in the robbery. Taylor claimed he kept falling asleep and at times was unconscious during the two- to three-hour interrogation. Detective Burch conceded that Taylor’s body was “somewhat shutting down,” and while he did nod off at times, he was “coherent” and “fluid” when awake and speaking. Burch put it this way: “Mr. Taylor at times was nodding off during the interview. When we asked Mr. Taylor to listen up, that we were asking him questions, he would respond that he knew what he was being asked and he would repeat the questions back to us to show that he was understanding what was being asked of him and knew what was going on.”

The detective also defined “nodding off” at not being asleep with a need to be awakened, but rather as needing to be “refocused.” Still, Burch said Taylor “seemed like he was dozing off, and we had to stress to him did he understand what was doing on … it was my impression he knew what was going on then.”

Taylor’s condition raised enough concerns with the FBI that they transported him to a hospital for “medical clearance” before he was transferred into the custody of the Marshals Service. “There was some talk about him on some medication and possibly an injury he had sustained previous at a construction site,” explained FBI Special Agent Ian Tomas.

It’s incomprehensible to us that the FBI would let a NYPD detective grill Taylor for nearly three hours while he was in that drugged condition. Agent Tomas admitted that the Marshals Service did not want to take custody of a prisoner who “might be off.” The truth is, as conceded by Agent Tomas, the Marshals Service “wouldn’t accept custody of Mr. Taylor” because of the prisoner’s inability to stay awake. Once at the hospital, Taylor spent the rest of the day sleeping although he did not receive any medical care.

Taylor was then transferred to the Metropolitan Correctional Center where, on the morning of April 10, he was examined by the facility’s chief psychologist, Dr. Elissa Miller, who explained she wanted her staff to evaluate Taylor before his arraignment. The doctor said her staff was aware of Taylor’s earlier schizophrenia diagnosis and several suicide attempts. During interviews with Dr. Miller’s staff, the chief psychologist said Taylor “presented with a thought disorder,” drooled, was vague, stared blankly, and “his thoughts lacked spontaneity. As the doctor said: “If you asked him questions, he really couldn’t elaborate on them because his thought process was impaired.” Dr. Miller also testified that Taylor told members of her staff that “the day he was arrested by the FBI, he took multiple Xanax pills in an attempt to kill himself because he had promised himself that he would never go back to jail” and that “as a result of taking all those Xanax pills, he wasn’t waking up and he went to the hospital.”

Taylor wasn’t finished confessing. After the interviews with MCC’s staff psychologists, he was taken to the federal courthouse for arraignment. Once there he told Agent Tomas that “he wanted to clear up some issues about the charges that he was presented with.” The agent took Taylor into a nearby interview room, Mirandized him again, and took the defendant’s second confession.

A short time later Taylor met with a pretrial services officer named Dennis Khilkevich who testified that when he arrived to interview Taylor, he “appeared sleepy and had to be awakened to be interviewed. He was sitting in a chair and he appeared as if he was asleep or he was taking a nap.” Khilkevich said he was forced to stop the interview because Taylor “repeatedly fell asleep in the chair.” When the interview resumed, Khilkevich said Taylor “was initially responsive maybe for several minutes,” but “then he continued to fall asleep. He had to be woken up and he would be responsive for a few minutes and then he would go to sleep again. While the pretrial services officer managed to complete the interview, he said Taylor was awake and coherent only “at times.”

Despite this compelling evidence that Taylor was incapable of making a knowing and intelligent waiver of anything, the Second Circuit nonetheless described it as a “close case.” But at the end of the day the court concluded that “even assuming Taylor’s initial waiver of his Miranda rights were knowing and voluntary, Taylor was largely stupefied when he made his post-arrest statements, as confirmed by the testimony of the law enforcement agents and the pretrial services officer who interviewed him, and by the evaluations of staff psychologists as the Metropolitan Correctional Center. The agents and the officer testified that Taylor fell asleep repeatedly during questioning and was only intermittently alert. Although there testimony also suggests—and the district court found—that Taylor’s statements were made in relatively lucid intervals, Taylor was impaired throughout, and his interrogators took undue advantage of that impairment by continuing to question him. We therefore conclude that that Taylor’s post-arrest statements were not voluntary. We further conclude that admitting those statements into evidence was not harmless. His conviction is therefore vacated and remanded for a new trial. And because Taylor’s statements were redacted in a manner that left obvious indicia that the co-defendants’ names had been deleted, their convictions are also vacated and remanded for a new trial.”

We do not feel this was a “close case.” It was a case at first impression which screamed for reversal. We are not surprised that the police took “undue advantage” of Taylor. That is what the police generally do during an interrogation process. They lie, trick, scheme and intimidate to secure a confession. What did surprise us is that the trial court found that while Taylor did in fact nod off from time to time, this did not render him incapable of voluntarily and knowingly waiving his Miranda rights during those fleeting moments when he was “awake and lucid.” The court explained its finding by saying that it did “not equate nodding off intermittently with total psychotic episodes of hallucination and other extreme circumstances that might throw greater doubt on the defendant’s ability to voluntarily and knowingly waive his rights.”

The case may be retried at taxpayers’ expense. The Government may or may not have a sufficient case for a retrial. If the Government is forced to dismiss the case, the fault will lie with sloppy police work and questionable trial court discretion, not with the Second Circuit which did the only thing it could do: reverse and remand.

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    I called Mr Floyd and left a message, with in the hour I received a call back with much more information then I could have ever expected. Mr Floyd was very informative on every question … More I had for him. He seemed like he cared, instead of like most attorneys that you talk to that are just out for a quick buck. If you want someone that is going to shoot strait with you, and has your best interest in hand, this is you guy. This was the best experience that I have ever had with an lawyer.
  • Avatar Saman Daftarian ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    I can state with confidence that Mr. Floyd and his team are the most competent and professional lawyers one can hope for. My case was quite complex and I admit that as a law student … More I was not the most patient client. Mr. Floyd did a phenomenal job of managing the bench, prosecution and myself! The result was above expectation, and I will never hesitate to recommend this firm regardless of the caliber of the case at issue.
  • Avatar calvin robinson ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    It was a pleasure working with Mr. Floyd. I contacted him regarding a legal matter and he was extremely knowledgeable about the law, and responded in a timely manner. I appreciated … More the fact I did not feel rushed, and he made sure he thoroughly answered all questions I had. I would highly recommend him!Positive
    Responsiveness, Professionalism …More
  • Avatar Alan Howk ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Spoke with John Floyd about a 45 year old criminal case I was involved in. I had very little information about the case and John helped me search what records were available and gave … More me guidance to find more information. He was very professional and took his time helping me. I may need to hire a lawyer on this case and Mr. Floyd will be the man.Thanks John.
  • Avatar CMCustom Cycles ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Very professional and straight forward. He's not going to waste your time or money. Very knowledgeable in a large range of possible matters one could face living in these days … More and times. If ever you need legal assistance, this is who I would suggest. Awesome!Positive
    Responsiveness, Quality, Professionalism, Value …More
  • Avatar Greg Page ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    I called about some legal questions I needed to get clarified and John was able to give me clarification and sound advice. I will definitely contact John for all future legal questions … More and issues.Thank you John!Positive
    Responsiveness, Professionalism, Value …More
  • Avatar Kristen Rankin ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Knows his stuff and well respected with DA and judges. I have referred him a couple times and every client has been satisfied
  • Avatar Kedar Puranik ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    John is beyond knowledgeable! If I decide to pursue my case any further I would only have him represent me.
  • Avatar Joseph Sivadon ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    What a great attorney, this guy really took time out of his day to answer my questions and explain my case to me. Very grateful, thank you so muchPositive
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  • Avatar Lex Strider ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Absolutely a very professional lawyer. Very well read in the current law and more than willing to help if needed.
  • Avatar karim khalifa ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Mr. John he’s a professional he knows what he’s doing and he’s patient they recommend Him stronglyPositive
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  • Avatar James Haggard ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Great service, very knowledgable and happy to help with any questions I had
  • Avatar David Sustaita ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Quick to action and helpful and knowledgeable with entertainment industry based issues!
  • Avatar Chad Groves ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Responded on a holiday week. Very knowledgeable and reassuring.
  • Avatar Mark Fein ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Very professional
  • Avatar Bthomason903 Bthomason903 ★★★★★ 4 years ago
  • Avatar Anton Jasser ★★★★★ 4 years ago
  • Avatar Alma Garza ★★★★★ 4 years ago
  • Avatar Victory 2020 ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    I want to thank John T. Floyd and all of his team. He is the best lawyer who cares aboutHis clients and fights really hard to get the best outcome. He is a fighter and he is awesome!!!I … More recommend if any one needs criminal defense , he is the BEST. We had a really serious caseAnd we are very thankful for the outcome. Thank you John!!!!! God bless you!!!!!!
  • Avatar Alma Garcia Cunningham ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    The attorneys at John T. Floyd Law Firm work diligently to achieve the best possible results for their clients. They are caring and knowledgeable professionals. Their expertise in the … More law and their experience as trial attorneys makes them the right choice as a defense attorney. I recommend this law firm highly.
  • Avatar Rajiv Patel ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    From beginning to end this firm handled my case like the top tier professionals they are. I would not trust ANYONE else with my legal needs after having less than stellar experiences … More with other teams. Thank you Floyd!!!
  • Avatar Jose Tapia ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    I really felt like the team cared about my case and am super satisfied with the outcome. Would not recommend anyone else!
  • Avatar Sagar Patel ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    These guys do amazing work and have phenomenal service! Hands down best in the Houston area!!
  • Avatar RAYNINN ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    John and Chris are true professionals! Love those guys like family!
  • Avatar Virginia Martin ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    Mr. Floyd and his team are very knowledgeable, informative, and helpful.
  • Avatar Darla Latham ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    A team you can depend on to stand up and fight for you to prove the truth the whole truth!
  • Avatar Veronica Elorza ★★★★★ 6 years ago
  • Avatar Karetta Lux ★★★★★ 7 years ago
    Mr. John T. Floyd represented me.I couldn't be happier with the outcome he managed to achieve on an VERY Important case that was dismissed the day of Trial. He is patient & … More very knowledgeable of the legal system. I HIGHLY recommend him to anyone in need of a lawyer!John, I am forever grateful & satisfied with the effort you put forth & all you did for me. Thank you isn't enough!God bless you & your family!
  • Avatar GM ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    The John T. Floyd Law Firm assisted me, and I can tell you that the attorney took the time to answer my questions, and I didn't feel rushed or dismissed as I have experienced in … More the past with attorneys. The attorney was very nice and extremely knowledgeable. Initial impressions and continued excellent customer service are big factors for me and as such I would highly recommend this firm.
  • Avatar Sandra Bivens ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    I thank you for your efforts to help Felons regain their Civil rights, and for the information on possession , I am A convicted Felon, no violent history. I am an expert shot, I am … More 76 yoa, and very concerned about the present lake of Security in our State and Country. God Bless and Prosper you in your efforts, Your friend, Sonny Bivens
  • Avatar Mike Kittelson ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    I really appreciated both Chris and John helping with my legal questions and concerns. Both are good guys and I would not hesitate to recommend them.
  • Avatar Robert Hair ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    Extremely helpful!!! Helping me understand the law.

John T. Floyd is Board Certified in Criminal Law By the Texas Board of Legal Specialization

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