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Police Adultification Bias Against Black Girls
Imagine your nine-year-old daughter handcuffed in the back seat of a police car. Now imagine she was having a mental crisis and was pepper-sprayed by officers called to the scene for assistance, while confined in the back seat of the police cruiser, hands cuffed behind her back.
On Friday afternoon, January 29, 2021, nine police officers from the Rochester, New York Police Department responded to a domestic mental health crisis call that a nine-year-old girl was threatening to harm herself and her mother.
Child Pepper-Sprayed by Police Officer
What ensued from the police response to that call has triggered national and international outrage and criticism. A viral video, and a later released police body camera video, show officers trying to control the distraught handcuffed girl as she resisted officers’ commands and cried out for her dad. In response to the child’s behavior, one of the officers fired pepper spray into the nine-year-old’s face. She was taken to a local hospital, treated, and released to the care of her mother.
Child Body-Slammed by Police Officer
On January 26, 2021, a resource officer at Liberty High School in Kissimmee, Florida, body-slammed a 16-year-old Black female student to the ground. This horrific assault was also captured on video . The sound of the teenage girl’s head hitting the concrete floor was audible on the widely shared video. The officer then handcuffed the unconscious teenager and did not render aid to her.
In both incidents, the officers employing excessive force are white, and the two victims are young Black girls.
Given the well-documented history of systemic racism in policing across the country, we must, again, ask the initial question: would the officers have used the same level of excessive force—pepper-spraying a nine-year-old and body-slamming a 16-year-old—had the victims been white?
The only rational answer to this question is an emphatic “no.”
“I am a Child!”
Both of these victims are Black children-emotionally, intellectually, and physically. In both cases, the responding police officers are White adults. During the January 29 pepper spray incident, the video captured the police officers telling the Black girl, “you’re acting like a child,” to which the child rightfully responded, “I am a child.”
These two law enforcement incidents mirror a much larger problem that lies not only in the eyes of white police officers but also in our general society: the “adultification bias” toward Black children.
In a February 3, 2021 opinion piece in the Washington Post , Rebecca Epstein, executive director of the Center on Poverty and Inequality at Georgetown University Law Center , and Toella Pliakas, a senior at Georgetown University, said, “the police must see Black girls as the children they are.” Speaking directly to the pepper spray incident, Epstein and Pliakas wrote that:
“For an officer to look at a 9-year-old girl and fail to see her as a child is, sadly, consistent with our research, which has shown that adults view Black girls as young as age 5 as less innocent and more like adults than White girls of the same age, and needing less protection and nurturing. Scholars and researchers say the perspective is based on stereotypes of Black women as threatening and aggressive, which are projected onto Black girls. This difference in perception, this blindness to the innocence of a Black child, is not just unfeeling. It is rooted in dehumanization.”
Adultification Bias
At the core of this routine “dehumanization” of Black girls by white police officers is a social reflection of the historical systemic racism in how law enforcement responds to Black communities. It is important to understand that the damage of excessive police force on Black girls, both mental and physical, is traumatic and everlasting. Epstein and Pliakas explained:
“The consequences of such adultification biases are profound. Rather than showing Black girls leniency or compassion in keeping with their age, authorities punish them in ways that are wholly out of proportion to their developmental stage. This occurs in many of our public systems, including schools, where young people spend the majority of their time. Our analysis data from the U.S. Education Department, conducted in partnership with researches at New York’s University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, showed that, accounting for their enrollment, in the 2017-2018 school year Black girls ran more than twice the risk as Black girls of being placed in physical restraints; they had three times the risk of being referred to law enforcement by their schools; and 3.66 times the risk of being arrested in school.”
The pepper spray incident begs additional illustration. Law enforcement excessive force policies generally authorize the use of pepper spray called “OC” (Oleoresin Capsicum) in the following situations:
- Against subjects who are actively resisting in a manner that, in the officer’s judgment, is likely to result in injuries to themselves or others;
- To incapacitate a subject who poses a threat of imminent physical injury to himself/herself;
- During a physical confrontation with a combative individual and attempts to control the subject by lower levels of force or tactics are ineffective;
- Against aggressive or dangerous animals that pose a threat of physical injury to officers or others;
- Prisoners/subjects attempting destruction to police property or personal property;
- Prisoners/subjects attempting to harm police or other persons;
- Prisoners restrained with physical bonds who are out of control and violent; and
- Prisoners acting violently in cellblock areas.
None of these situations justify the use of pepper spray against an unruly nine-year-old girl surrounded by a total of nine adult police officers. What kind of threat could a handcuffed nine-year-old pose to nine trained police officers?
The medical evidence is overwhelming that there is long term damaging physical and psychological impact caused by pepper spray against children. Purvi S. Parikh, an immunologist who specializes in pediatric health at New York University Langone Health, has spoken to this evidence:
“Any chemicals in your eyes, nose or lungs isn’t good, but it’s especially worrisome for kids because their organs are still developing. It has the potential of causing long-term effects.”
Parikh added that pepper spray against a child could induce “neurological effects, such as nerve or brain damage” or create lung problems such as asthma because OC enters the upper respiratory tract.
Children Exposed to Police Violence
Rohini Harr, an emergency physician who specializes in health and human rights and who is a professor at the University of California Berkeley, added to the discussion that the impact on a child’s mental health after being pepper-sprayed “cannot be overstated.”
“Children who are exposed to violence, especially violence on behalf of law enforcement, that has an incredibly chilling effect on that relationship,” Harr told North Carolina Health News this past November. “It has an incredibly traumatizing effect on children in general to experience violence at young ages.”
Legislation Needed to Regulate the Obvious
New York state lawmakers have responded to the Rochester incident by introducing legislation that would prohibit the use of pepper spray on minors “under any circumstances.”
We would urge Texas lawmakers to undertake the same kind of legislation that would ban any use of pepper spray against minors. We strongly urge that such legislation include a requirement that police, including school resource officers, undergo “adultification bias” training dealing with children of color, especially before they could be assigned to Texas schools.
There was simply no legitimate law enforcement need for police officers to pepper-spray the nine-year-old or to body slam a teenager to the concrete floor. None.
Legislation, training, and accountability are the only ways to prevent these horrific incidents from happening in Texas in the future.
Take the first step toward protecting your freedom by contacting us now
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What I liked the most was that he actually returned my phone after leaving a message unlike pretty much everyone else I called prior. He listened and answered my question with the best … More advice that would benefit me the most. I was actually lost from moving to Texas from a different state we’re laws vary and he pointed me toward the right direction to get a understanding of if I need to do business with him now or after I contact a lawyer in my home state.
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John is honestly the best! The whole team is. He answered me in a timely manner and helped me when my friend was going through a situation in Houston, Texas as an inmate. He was so … More thorough, honest, and without charging me sent me so much information because I was out of the loop. He never once tried to take you for your money, he did all that he could to. help me and I can't thank him enough.
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I have used John on two occasions and found him to have full knowledge of Texas law, diligent, creative in plan, and aggressive in defense. He is the best criminal defense attorney … More in the State of Texas. No reason to look elsewhere.
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Attorney Floyd replied very timely to my inquiry and he provided practical advice. I will not hesitate to contact him in the future if I need additional legal counsel.
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Excellent service and a lawyer that doesn't lie. He does what he says. JW recommends him.
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One of the best services Ive used in awhile. Thank you for all the help and answers. You got my life back. Thank youPositive
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Im impressed. This guy was polite and professional and most important...he listened.
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It was a pleasure speaking with John. He is knowledgeable and has a true desire to help the people of society. I turned to him for some guidance of a long-standing issue. He never … More rushed our conversation and went out of his way to look into the details to provide the right answer as well as assist me anyway he could. Thank you for our conversations and I wish your and your firm the best. If you need a lawyer, John Floyd is your guy!
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John represented me in court for roughly 2 years. I won't (and shouldn't) get into any serious details, but let me tell you that I couldn't have chosen anyone better. … More Seriously.Every appearance in court I felt very comfortable. The judge and DA's had a high regard for his reputation. There is a time I recall where simply his presence greatly impacted the court's interpretation of my case and persons. We were in front of the stand and the judge could not stop talking about John's prestige and past accomplishments and how that took in relation to my case. I kept silent in front of the judge, but I observed then that John's popularity and reputation within the court had already given me a better looking rapport with the judge. Let me tell you, I never had more confidence then, knowing that the judge held him in such high regard.This is not to mention how personable John is. I'll be honest that during the stress of court, sharing a laugh with your lawyer helps a lot. This may sound a lot, but I really appreciated the relationship we had then. This is also not to mention that he was able to deal very well with any DA that rotated over the years. Seriously, John was great, prompt with information and very hands on with my case. I had great peace those 2 years until everything wrapped up.If you're looking for a lawyer, I highly, HIGHLY recommend the John T. Floyd Law Firm. He IS nationally renowned, you know. He'll get the job done to the utmost confidence. He's very experienced and has a great record to boot. I am glad to have had him represent me in court and trust me that I never thought I'd ever say that (and whoever does?). We explored every avenue of victory together and I personally enjoyed the experience, despite the seriousness of the accusation.If you have a case that needs to be represented at the highest levels, choose John T. Floyd. He's a good man and very good at what he does. Him and his team has the experience you need to make the best decisions and options to get the best outcome for your case. We got the best result I could possibly ask for, thank God.Seriously. Hire John. He knows what he's doing.Seriously.
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One of the few honest lawyers I have ever talked to. His complimentary consultation was knowledgeable and thorough. He knew exactly what the issue was and how to handle it. His candid … More appraisal of the situation and how to proceed saved me thousands of dollars in legal fees. If you have a case requiring expertise in John's area of practice, look no further. Hire this man!
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He took time out of his day to answer my legal questions and didn’t even charge me. I would definitely recommend him to you.
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Mr. Floyd took the time to explain his experience with the law to me in layman's terms. Definitely give him a call.Positive
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He was honest , knowledgeable , and professional about what we talked about. Most lawyers are just about the money , but not john.Positive
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I would highly recommend Mr Floyd. He was very helpful and knowledge with a legal question I had.Positive
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He explained my case better then any other lawyerPositive
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Very informative
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Had the pleasure speaking with John Floyd on a personal matter, he was very responsive, nothing but exceptional, and he really cares about you with sincerity and most importantly knows … More what is he talking about! No games or bs, his approach to my situation even though I knew it was probably way smaller then what he normally takes on, he was extremely helpful and didn't care about the size of the matter like other attorneys do. He really looked out for my best interests. You can tell he has decades of experience doing what he does just by chatting with him. I would highly recommend him.
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Words can’t describe how grateful I am for working with John, he went above and beyond my expectation. I was wrongly accused and hired many lawyers before hiring John Floyd but they … More all disappointed me, I had lost hope until a friend of mine referred me to John. From the start he had my best interest in mind and gave helpful advice, he explained the process and guided me. He put more work and time than all my previous lawyers that cost me thousands of dollars. He was constantly communicating with court and defended me more than all lawyer i had hired before him. Don’t waste your time and money like I did, believe me when I say I hired countless lawyers before him and no one came close to John. I’m forever thankful for him for fighting for my innocence and getting my case dismissed. Thank you so much🙏🏼🙏🏼
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I called Mr Floyd and left a message, with in the hour I received a call back with much more information then I could have ever expected. Mr Floyd was very informative on every question … More I had for him. He seemed like he cared, instead of like most attorneys that you talk to that are just out for a quick buck. If you want someone that is going to shoot strait with you, and has your best interest in hand, this is you guy. This was the best experience that I have ever had with an lawyer.
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I can state with confidence that Mr. Floyd and his team are the most competent and professional lawyers one can hope for. My case was quite complex and I admit that as a law student … More I was not the most patient client. Mr. Floyd did a phenomenal job of managing the bench, prosecution and myself! The result was above expectation, and I will never hesitate to recommend this firm regardless of the caliber of the case at issue.
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It was a pleasure working with Mr. Floyd. I contacted him regarding a legal matter and he was extremely knowledgeable about the law, and responded in a timely manner. I appreciated … More the fact I did not feel rushed, and he made sure he thoroughly answered all questions I had. I would highly recommend him!Positive
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Spoke with John Floyd about a 45 year old criminal case I was involved in. I had very little information about the case and John helped me search what records were available and gave … More me guidance to find more information. He was very professional and took his time helping me. I may need to hire a lawyer on this case and Mr. Floyd will be the man.Thanks John.
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Very professional and straight forward. He's not going to waste your time or money. Very knowledgeable in a large range of possible matters one could face living in these days … More and times. If ever you need legal assistance, this is who I would suggest. Awesome!Positive
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I called about some legal questions I needed to get clarified and John was able to give me clarification and sound advice. I will definitely contact John for all future legal questions … More and issues.Thank you John!Positive
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Knows his stuff and well respected with DA and judges. I have referred him a couple times and every client has been satisfied
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John is beyond knowledgeable! If I decide to pursue my case any further I would only have him represent me.
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What a great attorney, this guy really took time out of his day to answer my questions and explain my case to me. Very grateful, thank you so muchPositive
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Absolutely a very professional lawyer. Very well read in the current law and more than willing to help if needed.
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Mr. John he’s a professional he knows what he’s doing and he’s patient they recommend Him stronglyPositive
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Great service, very knowledgable and happy to help with any questions I had
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Quick to action and helpful and knowledgeable with entertainment industry based issues!
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Responded on a holiday week. Very knowledgeable and reassuring.
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Very professional
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I want to thank John T. Floyd and all of his team. He is the best lawyer who cares aboutHis clients and fights really hard to get the best outcome. He is a fighter and he is awesome!!!I … More recommend if any one needs criminal defense , he is the BEST. We had a really serious caseAnd we are very thankful for the outcome. Thank you John!!!!! God bless you!!!!!!
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The attorneys at John T. Floyd Law Firm work diligently to achieve the best possible results for their clients. They are caring and knowledgeable professionals. Their expertise in the … More law and their experience as trial attorneys makes them the right choice as a defense attorney. I recommend this law firm highly.
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From beginning to end this firm handled my case like the top tier professionals they are. I would not trust ANYONE else with my legal needs after having less than stellar experiences … More with other teams. Thank you Floyd!!!
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I really felt like the team cared about my case and am super satisfied with the outcome. Would not recommend anyone else!
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These guys do amazing work and have phenomenal service! Hands down best in the Houston area!!
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John and Chris are true professionals! Love those guys like family!
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Mr. Floyd and his team are very knowledgeable, informative, and helpful.
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A team you can depend on to stand up and fight for you to prove the truth the whole truth!
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Mr. John T. Floyd represented me.I couldn't be happier with the outcome he managed to achieve on an VERY Important case that was dismissed the day of Trial. He is patient & … More very knowledgeable of the legal system. I HIGHLY recommend him to anyone in need of a lawyer!John, I am forever grateful & satisfied with the effort you put forth & all you did for me. Thank you isn't enough!God bless you & your family!
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The John T. Floyd Law Firm assisted me, and I can tell you that the attorney took the time to answer my questions, and I didn't feel rushed or dismissed as I have experienced in … More the past with attorneys. The attorney was very nice and extremely knowledgeable. Initial impressions and continued excellent customer service are big factors for me and as such I would highly recommend this firm.
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I thank you for your efforts to help Felons regain their Civil rights, and for the information on possession , I am A convicted Felon, no violent history. I am an expert shot, I am … More 76 yoa, and very concerned about the present lake of Security in our State and Country. God Bless and Prosper you in your efforts, Your friend, Sonny Bivens
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I really appreciated both Chris and John helping with my legal questions and concerns. Both are good guys and I would not hesitate to recommend them.
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Extremely helpful!!! Helping me understand the law.
John T. Floyd is Board Certified in Criminal Law By the Texas Board of Legal Specialization
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